What Does Pp Stand For In Writing

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MLA Abbreviations

Summary:

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9^th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using MLA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. For a complete list of common abbreviations used in academic writing, see Appendix 1 in the MLA Handbook (9^th ed.).

Uppercase letter abbreviations

Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations composed solely of capital letters, except in the case of proper names:

US, MA, CD, HTML

C. S. Lewis, P. D. James, E. B. White

unless the name is only composed of initials:

FDR, MLK

Lowercase letter abbreviations

Use a period if the abbreviation ends in a lowercase letter, unless referring to an Internet suffix, where the period should come before the abbreviation:

assn., conf., Eng., esp.

.com, .edu, .gov (URL suffixes)

Note: Degree names are a notable exception to the lowercase abbreviation rule.

PhD, EdD, PsyD

Use periods between letters without spacing if each letter represents a word in common lowercase abbreviations:

a.m., e.g., i.e.

Other notable exceptions:

mph, rpm, ns, lb

Abbreviations in citations

Condense citations as much as possible using abbreviations.

Time Designations

Remember to follow common trends in abbreviating time and location within citations. Month names longer than four letters used in journal and magazine citations should be abbreviated:

Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

Geographic Names

Use geographic names of states and countries. Abbreviate country, province, and state names.

Logan, UT; Manchester, Eng.; Sherbrooke, QC

Scholarly Abbreviations

The MLA Handbook (9^th ed.) encourages users to adhere to the common scholarly abbreviations for both in-text citations and in the works-cited page. Here is the list of common scholarly abbreviations from Appendix 1 of the MLA Handbook (9^th ed.) with a few additions:

anon. for anonymous
app. for appendix
bk. for book
c. or ca. for circa
ch. for chapter
col. for column
def. for definition
dept. for department
e.g. for example
ed. for edition
et al. for multiple names (translates to "and others")
etc. for "and so forth"
fig. for figure
fwd. for foreword
i.e. for that is
jour. for journal
lib. for library
MS, MSS for manuscript(s)
no. for number
P for Press (used for academic presses)
p. for page, pp. for pages
par. for paragraph when page numbers are unavailable
qtd. in for quoted in
rev. for revised
sec. or sect. for section
ser. for series
trans. for translation
U for University (for example, Purdue U)
UP for University Press (for example, Yale UP or U of California P)
vers. for version
var. for variant
vol. for volume

Publisher Names

Cite publishers' names in full as they appear on title or copyright pages. For example, cite the entire name for a publisher (e.g. W. W. Norton or Liveright Publishing).

Exceptions:

Omit articles and business abbreviations (like Corp., Inc., Co., and Ltd.).
Use the acronym of the publisher if the company is commonly known by that abbreviation (e.g. MLA, ERIC, GPO). For publishers who are not known by an abbreviation, write the entire name.
Use only U and P when referring to university presses (e.g. Cambridge UP or U of Arkansas P)

For more information on scholarly abbreviations, see Appendix 1 of the MLA Handbook (9^th ed.). See also the following examples:

U of California P

MIT P

Utah State UP

Teachers College P

Chronicle Books

Vintage Books

McGraw-Hill

Little, Brown